Aqueous sodium-air batteries (SABs) represent a highly promising type of next-generation energy storage system, combining high energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. However, safety concerns and limited cycle life have impeded their commercialization. Over the past decade, significant breakthroughs in electrochemical performance, battery component design, and battery configuration have been achieved in aqueous SAB systems. To date, there has been a lack of focused attention and in-depth discussion on these systems. This review covers the concept, reaction mechanism, battery device, and key components (anode, anolyte, separator, aqueous electrolytes, and catalyst) of the latest developments in aqueous SABs in detail. Moreover, advanced strategies for enhancing the electrochemical performance of aqueous SABs are discussed. Furthermore, to indicate the direction of future aqueous SAB research, this review summarizes the challenges and prospects of this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide a reference for the design and application of electrochemical energy storage systems and for the development of new systems in this field.The progress in the reaction mechanisms, battery components, and electrochemical performance of aqueous sodium-air batteries is systematically reviewed.