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Electrochemical Energy Reviews ›› 2025, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (3): 17-.doi: 10.1007/s41918-025-00255-y

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Fundamental Mechanisms, Synthesis Strategies and Key Challenges of Transition Metal Borides for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Tongzhou Hong1,2, Chengzhi Xiao1,2, Jin Jia2, Yuanyuan Zhu2, Qiang Wang2, Yu Liang3, Xiao Wang3,5, Bentian Zhang4, Guang Zhu1,2, Zhong-Shuai Wu3,5   

  1. 1. School of Mechanics and Optoelectronics Physics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China;
    2. Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, Anhui, China;
    3. State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;
    4. College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China;
    5. Liaoning Binhai Laboratory, Dalian 116000, Liaoning, China
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-01 修回日期:2025-05-26 出版日期:2025-09-20 发布日期:2025-11-12
  • 通讯作者: Jin Jia Email:E-mail:jiajin@ahszu.edu.cn;Guang Zhu Email:E-mail:guangzhu@ahszu.edu.cn;Zhong-Shuai Wu Email:E-mail:wuzs@dicp.ac.cn E-mail:jiajin@ahszu.edu.cn;guangzhu@ahszu.edu.cn;wuzs@dicp.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 22125903), Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2408085ME108), the State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (Grant No. N-23-08), Liaoning Binhai Laboratory (Grant No. LBLD-2024-04), the Provincial of the Anhui Scientific Research Innovation Team of Photoelectric Information Materials and New Energy Devices (Grant No. 2016SCXPTTD), the Basic Research Special Program of Suzhou City Science and Technology Plan Project (Grant No. SZKJXM202404), the Support Program for Excellent Young Talents in Universities of Anhui Province (Grant No. 2022AH030134), the Doctor Research Startup Foundation of Suzhou University (Grant Nos. 2022BSK005 and 2023BSK015), the Anhui Province Higher Education Innovation Team: Key Technologies and Equipment Innovation Team for Clean Energy (Grant No. 2023AH010055). The Joint Cultivation Postgraduate Research and Innovation Fund Project of Suzhou University (Grant Nos. 2023KYCX13), and 2025KYCX01), the Talent-Introduction Program for Anhui Science and Technology University (Grant No. HCYJ202105), and the Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education in Anhui Province (Grant No. 2023AH051849).

Fundamental Mechanisms, Synthesis Strategies and Key Challenges of Transition Metal Borides for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Tongzhou Hong1,2, Chengzhi Xiao1,2, Jin Jia2, Yuanyuan Zhu2, Qiang Wang2, Yu Liang3, Xiao Wang3,5, Bentian Zhang4, Guang Zhu1,2, Zhong-Shuai Wu3,5   

  1. 1. School of Mechanics and Optoelectronics Physics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China;
    2. Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, Anhui, China;
    3. State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;
    4. College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China;
    5. Liaoning Binhai Laboratory, Dalian 116000, Liaoning, China
  • Received:2025-03-01 Revised:2025-05-26 Online:2025-09-20 Published:2025-11-12
  • Contact: Jin Jia Email:E-mail:jiajin@ahszu.edu.cn;Guang Zhu Email:E-mail:guangzhu@ahszu.edu.cn;Zhong-Shuai Wu Email:E-mail:wuzs@dicp.ac.cn E-mail:jiajin@ahszu.edu.cn;guangzhu@ahszu.edu.cn;wuzs@dicp.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 22125903), Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2408085ME108), the State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (Grant No. N-23-08), Liaoning Binhai Laboratory (Grant No. LBLD-2024-04), the Provincial of the Anhui Scientific Research Innovation Team of Photoelectric Information Materials and New Energy Devices (Grant No. 2016SCXPTTD), the Basic Research Special Program of Suzhou City Science and Technology Plan Project (Grant No. SZKJXM202404), the Support Program for Excellent Young Talents in Universities of Anhui Province (Grant No. 2022AH030134), the Doctor Research Startup Foundation of Suzhou University (Grant Nos. 2022BSK005 and 2023BSK015), the Anhui Province Higher Education Innovation Team: Key Technologies and Equipment Innovation Team for Clean Energy (Grant No. 2023AH010055). The Joint Cultivation Postgraduate Research and Innovation Fund Project of Suzhou University (Grant Nos. 2023KYCX13), and 2025KYCX01), the Talent-Introduction Program for Anhui Science and Technology University (Grant No. HCYJ202105), and the Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education in Anhui Province (Grant No. 2023AH051849).

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摘要： Owing to their unique electronic structures and metallic-like properties, transition metal borides (TMBs) have demonstrated activity and stability that surpass those of traditional catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of water splitting, becoming a research focus in the energy materials field. However, existing research generally lacks a systematic decoupling of the multidimensional correlation mechanisms of synthetic methods, structural regulation, and performance optimisation, severely restricting the rational design process of TMB catalysts. The aim of this review is to provide a cross-scale design paradigm for the development of high-performance TMB-based HER electrocatalysts by constructing a three-in-one analytical framework of theoretical guidance, synthetic innovation, and mechanism analysis. First, based on a fundamental understanding of the HER mechanism and d-band theory, we propose core principles for designing efficient catalysts. We review various synthetic methods, from traditional methods to innovative methods, and discuss their impact on catalytic performance. Through an in-depth analysis of the correlation between synthetic parameters and HER activity, valuable insights are provided for researchers seeking to optimise TMB-based electrocatalysts. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges and outlines future directions, emphasising the immense potential of TMB-based electrocatalysts in advancing sustainable hydrogen production.

关键词: Transition metal borides, Hydrogen evolution reaction, Electrocatalysts, Electrochemical water splitting, Synthesis strategies

Abstract: Owing to their unique electronic structures and metallic-like properties, transition metal borides (TMBs) have demonstrated activity and stability that surpass those of traditional catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of water splitting, becoming a research focus in the energy materials field. However, existing research generally lacks a systematic decoupling of the multidimensional correlation mechanisms of synthetic methods, structural regulation, and performance optimisation, severely restricting the rational design process of TMB catalysts. The aim of this review is to provide a cross-scale design paradigm for the development of high-performance TMB-based HER electrocatalysts by constructing a three-in-one analytical framework of theoretical guidance, synthetic innovation, and mechanism analysis. First, based on a fundamental understanding of the HER mechanism and d-band theory, we propose core principles for designing efficient catalysts. We review various synthetic methods, from traditional methods to innovative methods, and discuss their impact on catalytic performance. Through an in-depth analysis of the correlation between synthetic parameters and HER activity, valuable insights are provided for researchers seeking to optimise TMB-based electrocatalysts. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges and outlines future directions, emphasising the immense potential of TMB-based electrocatalysts in advancing sustainable hydrogen production.

Key words: Transition metal borides, Hydrogen evolution reaction, Electrocatalysts, Electrochemical water splitting, Synthesis strategies

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