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2025年 第8卷 第2期    刊出日期：2025-06-20

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Progress and Perspectives of Garnet-Based Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries: Toward Low Resistance, High Energy Density and Improved Cycling Capability

Zhihao Guo, Jiexi Wang, Xinhai Li, Zhixing Wang, Huajun Guo, Wenjie Peng, Guochun Yan, Guangchao Li, Xiaobao Zhang, Ning Wang, Juanyu Yang, Xiaowei Huang

2025, 8(2):  8.  doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00244-1

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To improve the energy density and address the safety concerns of current lithium-ion batteries, garnet-based solid-state lithium metal batteries (GSSLBs) have drawn attention as candidates for next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices. Battery resistance, energy density and cycling capability are three fundamental indicators of GSSLBs and greatly influence their real applications. The progress toward developing low resistance, high energy density and improved cycling capability is reviewed in this paper based on an aim-oriented thinking. The fundamental effects of improving the ionic conductivity of garnet solid-state electrolytes (GSSEs) and engineering cathode/anode interfaces are first discussed. The significance of thinning GSSEs, decreasing the lithium metal anode level and exploiting high-energy cathodes for energy density is highlighted with the help of energy density estimation models. The benefits of and inspiration from constructing a three-dimensional (3D) configuration anode interface, applying external stack pressure and extending the operating temperature range to further improve the cycling capability of GSSLBs are also summarized. Moreover, the remaining challenges and future perspectives are presented with the expectation that our insights into the fundamentals and regular patterns can provide good guidance for developing better GSSLBs.



Solid-State Electrolytes and Their Interfacial Properties: Implications for Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Seul-Yi Lee, Jishu Rawal, Jieun Lee, Jagadis Gautam, Seok Kim, Gui-Liang Xu, Khalil Amine, Soo-Jin Park

2025, 8(2):  9.  doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00242-3

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Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a promising alternative technology for advancing global electrification efforts. The SSBs offer significant advantages over conventional electrolyte-based batteries, including enhanced safety, increased energy density, and improved performance. Their non-flammability, enhanced thermal and mechanical stability, and lower self-discharge rates make them particularly promising for future energy solutions. However, their prevalent implementation in large-scale industries is inhibited by inadequate ionic conductivity and the interfacial challenges associated with solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). These challenges include suboptimal solid–solid contact, grain boundary limitations, poor wettability, and unfavorable phenomena such as dendrite growth, interface voids, interdiffusion layer formation, and lattice mismatch. This comprehensive review meticulously examines recent developments and prospects in SSEs, categorizing them into halide, sulfide, oxide, hydride, and polymer types. It then analyzes the challenges and interfacial limitations of SSBs, including dendrite growth, voids, cracks, contact issues, lattice mismatch, and interdiffusion. In addition, potential solutions for enhancing interfacial adherence between electrodes and SSEs are outlined. Furthermore, recent trends in the SSB industry, including successfully commercialized products, are highlighted. Finally, this review explores the future potential of SSEs in advanced SSBs, projecting their significant industrial impact.



Advancements, Challenges, and Future Trajectories in Advanced Battery Safety Detection

Yanan Wei, Min Wang, Mengmeng Zhang, Tao Cai, Yunhui Huang, Ming Xu

2025, 8(2):  10.  doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00245-0

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The widespread use of high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in new energy vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems has intensified safety concerns, especially regarding the safe and reliable operation of large battery packs composed of hundreds of individual cells. This review begins with an analysis of the causes and failure mechanisms, and then continues with an examination of the many connections and influences among different factors to elucidate the complex and unpredictable issues of LIB safety. The analysis includes examples of large-scale battery failures to illustrate how failures propagate within extensive battery networks, highlighting the unique challenges associated with monitoring the safety of large-scale battery packs. Subsequently, a comparative assessment of numerous detection technologies is further conducted to underscore the challenges encountered in battery safety detection, particularly in large-scale battery systems. Additionally, the paper discusses the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing battery safety concerns, explores the future trajectory of safety detection technology, and outlines the necessity and foundational framework for constructing smart battery management systems (BMSs). The discussion focuses on how AI and smart BMSs can be tailored to manage the complexities of large-scale battery packs, enabling real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance to prevent catastrophic failures.



Recent Advances in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells for Solar Energy Conversion

Chen-Ge Chen, Chenyu Xu, Peng-Fei Sui, Guangyu Deng, Yi-Cheng Wang, Jinhao Mei, Entao Zhang, Yanwei Zhang, Jing-Li Luo

2025, 8(2):  11.  doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00246-z

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To implement global energy transitions, the efficient utilization of clean energy plays a central role in the process and has become an imperative task. Among various approaches, solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) stand out as exceptional energy conversion devices because of their ability to transform thermal and electrical energy into chemical energy. For example, solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source and can be effectively harnessed to power SOECs, thereby facilitating efficient conversion from solar to chemical energy. In light of the growing interest in leveraging SOECs for solar energy conversion, a systematic collation and comprehensive review of the relevant studies reported thus far have yet to be conducted. This review summarizes and analyzes recent advances in the field of SOECs, including their fundamentals, performance metrics, current status, and methods of integration with solar energy. It also proposes various optimization strategies for the existing integration of solar energy with SOEC systems, with a specific emphasis on full-spectrum utilization. Finally, this study provides a perspective on the future development and challenges for SOECs in the context of solar energy conversion.



Toward Green Renewable Energies and Energy Storage for the Sustainable Decarbonization and Electrification of Society

Atiyeh Nekahi, M. R. Anil Kumar, Sixu Deng, Xia Li, Apostolos Petropoulos, Jagjit Nanda, Karim Zaghib

2025, 8(2):  12.  doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00247-y

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An extensive literature review was conducted to investigate the pathways for the decarbonization and electrification of society and to cover different aspects to fulfill this objective. Despite the significant attraction and critical demand for achieving net-zero emissions, challenges must be addressed by adjusting policies and regulations and setting investments and budgets with the contribution of all nations and individuals. In this study, we explored the mission and vision of electrification, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the mitigation of global warming, and net-zero targets. We considered alternative scenarios and the COP28 outputs from near-term (2025–2030) and long-term strategies. With this objective in mind, we focused on the clean energy transition as the primary step for electrification. In the following section, we thoroughly reviewed the supplies and capacities of renewables, as well as projected and planned investments, with particular emphasis on hydropower, hydrogen, and other sources. The material demand, which is the main challenge hindering the on-time deployment of clean energy, was investigated. With increasing reliance on renewables, energy storage balances generation and consumption, particularly during peak hours and high-demand situations. Batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and coupled energy conversion and storage were extensively discussed as the main storage devices in electric and hybrid energy storage systems. Finally, we investigated the electrification potential in daily life, from transportation via light- or heavy-duty vehicles to electric aviation, electronic devices, buildings, industrial processes, and smart grids. This framework comprehensively assesses and reviews recently employed strategies for electrification to ensure sustainability and reliability over the coming years.