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Electrochemical Energy Reviews ›› 2022, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (3): 2-.doi: 10.1007/s41918-022-00134-w

Special Issue: Batteries

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Lead-Carbon Batteries toward Future Energy Storage: From Mechanism and Materials to Applications

Jian Yin1,4, Haibo Lin1,3, Jun Shi1,3, Zheqi Lin1, Jinpeng Bao1, Yue Wang1, Xuliang Lin2, Yanlin Qin2, Xueqing Qiu2,5, Wenli Zhang1,2,4   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China;
    2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefnery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China;
    3. School of Chemical Engineering and New Energy Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong, China;
    4. Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
    5. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
  • Received:2020-12-17 Revised:2021-07-02 Online:2022-09-20 Published:2022-10-25
  • Contact: Haibo Lin,E-mail:lhb910@jlu.edu.cn;Xueqing Qiu,E-mail:cexqqiu@scut.edu.cn;Wenli Zhang,E-mail:wlzhang@gdut.edu.cn E-mail:lhb910@jlu.edu.cn;cexqqiu@scut.edu.cn;wlzhang@gdut.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22108044, 21573093, 21975101), the Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Jilin University (No. 2017TD-31), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21706038), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22038004), the Natural Science Foundation for Guangdong Province (No. 2019B151502038), the National Key Research and Development Plan (No. 2018YFB1501503), the Research and Development Program in Key Fields of Guangdong Province (2020B1111380002), and the financial support from the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery (2021GDKLPRB07). Wenli Zhang acknowledges the start-up funding of Guangdong University of Technology.

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Abstract: The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859. It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since. In addition, this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society. Nevertheless, lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention. Over the past two decades, engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage; these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge. Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery (i.e., lead-carbon battery) technologies. Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products. Therefore, exploring a durable, long-life, corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance. In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed. Moreover, a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism, additive manufacturing, electrode fabrication, and full cell evaluation to practical applications.

Key words: Lead acid battery, Lead-carbon battery, Partial state of charge, PbO2, Pb

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