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Recent Progress in MXene-Based Materials for Metal-Sulfur and Metal-Air Batteries: Potential High-Performance Electrodes Anmin Liu, Xingyou Liang, Xuefeng Ren, Weixin Guan, Tingli Ma Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (1): 112-144.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00110-w Abstract （9381）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save MXene|Metal-sulfur batteries|Metal-air batteries|Electrode Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Rational Design of Atomic Site Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: One Step Closer to Optimum Activity and Selectivity Yiran Ying, Ke Fan, Jinli Qiao, Haitao Huang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (3): 6-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00164-4 Abstract （1646）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has been one of the most intriguing catalytic reactions in recent years, providing an energy-saving and environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional Haber-Bosch process for ammonia production. However, the activity and selectivity issues originating from the activation barrier of the NRR intermediates and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction result in the unsatisfactory NH3 yield rate and Faradaic efficiency of current NRR catalysts. Atomic site catalysts (ASCs), an emerging group of heterogeneous catalysts with a high atomic utilization rate, selectivity, and stability, may provide a solution. This article undertakes an exploration and systematic review of a highly significant research area:the principles of designing ASCs for the NRR. Both the theoretical and experimental progress and state-of-the-art techniques in the rational design of ASCs for the NRR are summarized, and the topic is extended to double-atom catalysts and boron-based metal-free ASCs. This review provides guidelines for the rational design of ASCs for the optimum activity and selectivity for the electrocatalytic NRR. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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MOF/PCP-based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Liang Tang, Qinshang Xu, Yu Zhang, Wenqian Chen, Minghong Wu Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (1): 32-81.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00113-7 Abstract （2195）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Electrocatalysis|Oxygen reduction reaction|Metal-organic framework|Active sites|Dimension Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Photochemical Systems for Solar-to-Fuel Production Ya Liu, Feng Wang, Zihao Jiao, Shengjie Bai, Haoran Qiu, Liejin Guo Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (3): 5-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00132-y Abstract （1687）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The photochemical system, which utilizes only solar energy and H2O/CO2 to produce hydrogen/carbon-based fuels, is considered a promising approach to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. To date, numerous photochemical systems have been developed to obtain a viable solar-to-fuel production system with sufficient energy efficiency. However, more effort is still needed to meet the requirements of industrial implementation. In this review, we systematically discuss a typical photochemical system for solar-to-fuel production, from classical theories and fundamental mechanisms to raw material selection, reaction condition optimization, and unit device/system advancement, from the viewpoint of ordered energy conversion. State-of-the-art photochemical systems, including photocatalytic, photovoltaic-electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, solar thermochemical, and other emerging systems, are summarized. We highlight the existing bottlenecks and discuss the developing trend of this technology. Finally, optimization strategies and new opportunities are proposed to enhance photochemical systems with higher energy efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Lead-Carbon Batteries toward Future Energy Storage: From Mechanism and Materials to Applications Jian Yin, Haibo Lin, Jun Shi, Zheqi Lin, Jinpeng Bao, Yue Wang, Xuliang Lin, Yanlin Qin, Xueqing Qiu, Wenli Zhang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (3): 2-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00134-w Abstract （1843）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859. It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since. In addition, this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society. Nevertheless, lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention. Over the past two decades, engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage; these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge. Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery (i.e., lead-carbon battery) technologies. Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products. Therefore, exploring a durable, long-life, corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance. In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed. Moreover, a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism, additive manufacturing, electrode fabrication, and full cell evaluation to practical applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Crystallinity and Defects of Layered Carbon Materials on Potassium Storage: A Review and Prediction Xiaoxu Liu, Tianyi Ji, Hai Guo, Hui Wang, Junqi Li, Hui Liu, Zexiang Shen Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (2): 401-433.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00114-6 Abstract （3006）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Layered carbon materials (LCMs) are composed of basic carbon layer units, such as graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, and graphene. While they have been widely applied in the anode of potassium-ion batteries, the potassium storage mechanisms and performances of various LCMs are isolated and difficult to relate to each other. More importantly, there is a lack of a systematic understanding of the correlation between the basic microstructural unit (crystallinity and defects) and the potassium storage behavior. In this review, we explored the key structural factors affecting the potassium storage in LCMs, namely, the crystallinity and defects of carbon layers, and the key parameters (La, Lc, d002, ID/IG) that characterize the crystallinity and defects of different carbon materials were extracted from various databases and literature sources. A structure-property database of LCMs was thus built, and the effects of these key structural parameters on the potassium storage properties, including the capacity, the rate and the working voltage plateau, were systematically analyzed. Based on the structure-property database analysis and the guidance of thermodynamics and kinetics, a relationship between various LCMs and potassium storage properties was established. Finally, with the help of machine learning, the key structural parameters of layered carbon anodes were used for the first time to predict the potassium storage performance so that the large amount of research data in the database could more effectively guide the scientific research and engineering application of LCMs in the future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Self-Supported Graphene Nanosheet-Based Composites as Binder-Free Electrodes for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Bowen Ren, Hao Cui, Chengxin Wang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (S2): 32-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00138-6 Abstract （258）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Graphene is composed of single-layered sp2 graphite and has been widely used in electrochemical energy conversion and storage due to its appealing physical and chemical properties. In recent years, a new kind of the self-supported graphene nanosheet-based composite (GNBC) has attracted significant attention. Compared with conventional powdered materials, a binder-free electrode architecture has several strengths, including a large surface area, enhanced reaction kinetics, and great structural stability, and these strengths allow users to realize the full potential of graphene. Based on these findings, this review presents preparation strategies and properties of self-supported GNBCs. Additionally, it highlights recent significant developments with integrated binder-free electrodes for several practical applications, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal batteries, supercapacitors, water splitting and metal-air batteries. In addition, the remaining challenges and future perspectives in this emerging field are also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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High-Temperature Electrochemical Devices Based on Dense Ceramic Membranes for CO2 Conversion and Utilization Wenping Li, Jing-Li Luo Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (3): 518-544.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00099-2 Abstract （382）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The adverse effects of global warming and climate change have driven the exploration of feasible routes for CO2 capture, storage, conversion and utilization. The processes related to CO2 conversion in high-temperature electrochemical devices (HTEDs) using dense ceramic membranes are particularly appealing due to the simultaneous realization of highly efficient CO2 conversion and value-added chemical production as well as the generation of electricity and storage of renewable energy in some cases. Currently, most studies are focused on the two processes, CO2 electrolysis and H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis in oxygen-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cell (O-SOEC) reactors. Less attention has been paid to other meaningful CO2-conversion-related processes in HTEDs and systematic summary and analysis are currently not available. This review will fill the gap and classify the CO2-conversion-related processes in HTEDs reported in recent years into four types according to the related reactions, including assisted CO2 reduction to CO, H2O and CO2 co-conversion, dry reforming of methane and CO2 hydrogenation. Firstly, an overview of the fundamentals of HTED processes is presented, and then the related mechanism and research progress of each type of reactions in different HTEDs are elucidated and concluded accordingly. The remaining major technical issues are also briefly introduced. Lastly, the main challenges and feasible solutions as well as the future prospects of HTEDs for CO2-conversion-related processes are also discussed in this review. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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High-Mass-Loading Electrodes for Advanced Secondary Batteries and Supercapacitors Feng Wu, Mingquan Liu, Ying Li, Xin Feng, Kun Zhang, Ying Bai, Xinran Wang, Chuan Wu Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (2): 382-446.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00093-0 Abstract （472）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs) with high energy densities for electric vehicles and portable electronics is driving the electrode revolution, in which the development of high-mass-loading electrodes (HMLEs) is a promising route to improve the energy density of batteries packed in limited spaces through the optimal enlargement of active material loading ratios and reduction of inactive component ratios in overall cell devices. However, HMLEs face significant challenges including inferior charge kinetics, poor electrode structural stability, and complex and expensive production processes. Based on this, this review will provide a comprehensive summary of HMLEs, beginning with a basic presentation of factors influencing HMLE electrochemical properties, the understanding of which can guide optimal HMLE designs. Rational strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of HMLEs accompanied by corresponding advantages and bottlenecks are subsequently discussed in terms of various factors ranging from inactive component modification to active material design to structural engineering at the electrode scale. This review will also present the recent progress and approaches of HMLEs applied in various EESSs, including advanced secondary batteries (lithium-/sodium-/potassium-/aluminum-/calcium-ion batteries, lithium metal anodes, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-air batteries, zinc batteries, magnesium batteries) and supercapacitors. Finally, this review will examine the challenges and prospects of HMLE commercialization with a focus on thermal safety, performance evaluation, advanced characterization, and production cost assessment to guide future development. Full-text： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-020-00093-0 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Single-Atom Catalysts: Advances and Challenges in Metal-Support Interactions for Enhanced Electrocatalysis Yang Mu, Tingting Wang, Jian Zhang, Changgong Meng, Yifu Zhang, Zongkui Kou Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (1): 145-186.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00124-4 Abstract （2263）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Metal-support interaction|Single-atom catalysts|Electrocatalysis|ORR and OER|HER and HOR Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy in Electrocatalysis and Electrochemistry Haifeng Feng, Xun Xu, Yi Du, Shi Xue Dou Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (2): 249-268.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00074-3 Abstract （5056）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has gained increasing attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to its ability to reveal electrocatalyst surface structures down to the atomic level in either ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) or harsh electrochemical conditions. The detailed knowledge of surface structures, surface electronic structures, surface active sites as well as the interaction between surface adsorbates and electrocatalysts is highly beneficial in the study of electrocatalytic mechanisms and for the rational design of electrocatalysts. Based on this, this review will discuss the application of STM in the characterization of electrocatalyst surfaces and the investigation of electrochemical interfaces between electrocatalyst surfaces and reactants. Based on different operating conditions, UHV-STM and STM in electrochemical environments (EC-STM) are discussed separately. This review will also present emerging techniques including high-speed EC-STM, scanning noise microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Full-text： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-020-00074-3 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Electrospun Materials for Batteries Moving Beyond Lithium-Ion Technologies Jie Wang, Zhenzhu Wang, Jiangfeng Ni, Liang Li Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (2): 211-241.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00103-9 Abstract （3050）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Innovation and optimization have shifted battery technologies beyond the use of lithium ions and fostered the demand for enhanced materials, which are vital factors determining the energy, power, durability, and safety of systems. Current battery materials vary in their sizes, shapes, and morphology, and these have yet to meet the performance standards necessary to prevent deterioration in regard to the efficiency and reliability of beyond-lithium technologies. As a versatile and feasible technique for producing ultrathin fibers, electrospinning has been extensively developed to fabricate and engineer nanofibers of functional materials for battery applications. In this review, the basic concepts and characteristics of beyond-lithium batteries are expounded, and the fundamentals of electrospinning are reviewed. The aim is to provide a guide to researchers going into this field. Focuses are placed on how electrospinning can address some of the key technical challenges facing beyond-lithium technologies. We hope the knowledge presented in this work will stimulate the design of electrospun materials for future battery applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Non-noble Metal Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Water Electrolysis Huimin Wu, Chuanqi Feng, Lei Zhang, Jiujun Zhang, David P. Wilkinson Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (3): 473-507.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00086-z Abstract （350）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Water electrolysis is a sustainable approach for hydrogen production by using electricity from clean energy sources. However, both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) associated with water electrolysis are kinetically sluggish, leading to low efficiency in corresponding electrolysis devices. In addition, current electrocatalysts that can catalyze both HER and OER to practical rates require noble metals such as platinum that are low in abundance and high in price, severely limiting commercialization. As a result, the development of high-performance and cost-effective non-noble metal electrocatalysts to replace noble ones has intensified. Based on this, this review will comprehensively present recent research in the design, synthesis, characterization and performance validation/optimization of non-noble metal HER electrocatalysts and analyze corresponding catalytic mechanisms. Moreover, several important types of non-noble metal electrocatalysts including zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional materials are presented with an emphasis on morphology/structure, synergetic interaction between metal and support, catalytic property and HER activity/stability. Furthermore, existing technical challenges are summarized and corresponding research directions are proposed toward practical application.Water electrolysis is a sustainable approach for hydrogen production by using electricity from clean energy sources. However, both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are kinetically sluggish, causing low efficiency of the electrolysis devices. The currently used noble metals, such as Pt-based electrocatalysts for catalyzing both HER and OER to practical rates, have low abundances and high price, limiting their commercialization. In this regard, developing high-performance and cost-effective non-noble metal electrocatalysts to replace noble ones has become a hot research topic. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design Principle, Optimization Strategies, and Future Perspectives of Anode-Free Configurations for High-Energy Rechargeable Metal Batteries Wentao Yao, Peichao Zou, Min Wang, Houchao Zhan, Feiyu Kang, Cheng Yang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (3): 601-631.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00106-6 Abstract （311）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Metal anodes (e.g., lithium, sodium and zinc metal anodes) based on a unique plating/stripping mechanism have been well recognized as the most promising anodes for next-generation high-energy metal batteries owing to their superior theoretical specific capacities and low redox potentials. However, realizing full utilization and the theoretical capacity of metal anodes remains challenging because of their high reactivity, poor reversibility, and nonplanar metal evolution patterns, which lead to irreversible loss of active metals and the electrolyte. To minimize the above issues, excess metal sources and flooded electrolytes are generally used for laboratory-based studies. Despite the superior cycling performance achieved for these cells, the metal-anode-excess design deviates from practical applications due to the low anode utilization, highly inflated coulombic efficiency, and undesirable volumetric capacity. In contrast, anode-free configurations can overcome these drawbacks while reducing fabrication costs and improving cell safety. In this review, the significance of anode-free configurations is elaborated, and different types of anode-free cells are introduced, including reported designs and proposed feasible yet unexplored concepts. The optimization strategies for anode-free lithium, sodium, zinc, and aluminum metal batteries are summarized. Most importantly, the remaining challenges for extending the cycle life of anode-free cells are discussed, and the requirements for anode-free cells to reach practical applications are highlighted. This comprehensive review is expected to draw more attention to anode-free configurations and bring new inspiration to the design of high-energy metal batteries.Anode-free metal batteries can deliver higher energy densities than traditional anode-excess metal batteries and metal-ion batteries. Yet the cycle life of anode-free cells is limited by the non-planar growth and low coulombic efficiency of the metal anodes. In this review, we not only systematically elaborate the working/failure mechanisms and achieved progress for the reported anode-free Li/Na/Zn/Al battery systems, but also propose a series of conceptually-feasible yet unexplored anode-free systems. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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How Do Polymer Binders Assist Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes to Address the Challenge of High-Voltage Lithium Battery Applications? Tiantian Dong, Pengzhou Mu, Shu Zhang, Huanrui Zhang, Wei Liu, Guanglei Cui Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (3): 545-565.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00102-w Abstract （357）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Research on the chemistry of high-energy-density transition metal oxide cathodes (TMOCs) is at the forefront in the pursuit of lithium-ion batteries with increased energy density. As a critical component of these cathodes, binders not only glue cathode active material particles and conducting carbons together and to current collectors but also play pivotal roles in building multiscale compatible interphases between electrolytes and cathodes. In this review, we outline several vital design considerations of high-voltage binders, several of which are already present in traditional binder design that need to be highlighted, and systematically reveal the chemistry and mechanisms underpinning such binders for in-depth understanding. Further optimization of the design of polymer binders to improve battery performance is also discussed. Finally, perspectives regarding the future rational design and promising research opportunities of state-of-the-art binders for high-voltage TMOCs are presented. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Copper-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Multicarbon Products Fangfang Chang, Meiling Xiao, Ruifang Miao, Yongpeng Liu, Mengyun Ren, Zhichao Jia, Dandan Han, Yang Yuan, Zhengyu Bai, Lin Yang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (3): 4-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00139-5 Abstract （1688）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into fuel and chemicals with added value represents an appealing approach to reduce the greenhouse effect and realize a carbon-neutral cycle, which has great potential in mitigating global warming and effectively storing renewable energy. The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) usually involves multiproton coupling and multielectron transfer in aqueous electrolytes to form multicarbon products (C2+ products), but it competes with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which results in intrinsically sluggish kinetics and a complex reaction mechanism and places higher requirements on the design of catalysts. In this review, the advantages of electrochemical CO2 reduction are briefly introduced, and then, different categories of Cu-based catalysts, including monometallic Cu catalysts, bimetallic catalysts, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) along with MOF-derived catalysts and other catalysts, are summarized in terms of their synthesis method and conversion of CO2 to C2+ products in aqueous solution. The catalytic mechanisms of these catalysts are subsequently discussed for rational design of more efficient catalysts. In response to the mechanisms, several material strategies to enhance the catalytic behaviors are proposed, including surface facet engineering, interface engineering, utilization of strong metal-support interactions and surface modification. Based on the above strategies, challenges and prospects are proposed for the future development of CO2RR catalysts for industrial applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors: Current Status and Perspective Jiangqi Zhou, Shilin Zhang, Ya-Nan Zhou, Wei Tang, Junhe Yang, Chengxin Peng, Zaiping Guo Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (2): 219-248.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00090-3 Abstract （5190）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Supercapacitors are electrochemical energy storage systems that depend on high-surface-area electrodes and can play a dominant role in areas that require high power delivery or uptake. And of various electrodes, biomass-derived carbonaceous electrodes have recently shown impressive promise in high-performance supercapacitors because of their widespread availability, renewable nature and low-cost electricity storage. Based on this, this review will discuss the current status of biomass-derived carbon materials in supercapacitors and highlight current research with a specific emphasis on the influences of structure and elemental doping on the electrochemical performance of corresponding carbon electrodes. This review will also discuss the gap between laboratory achievements and practical utilization in terms of these biomass-derived carbon materials and outline practical strategies for future improvement. Full-text： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-020-00090-3 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Recent Progress in Polyanionic Anode Materials for Li (Na)-Ion Batteries Yao Liu, Wei Li, Yongyao Xia Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (3): 447-472.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00095-6 Abstract （329）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become widely used in everyday applications such as portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Despite this, the electrochemical performance of LIBs cannot meet the energy demands of rapidly growing technological evolutions. And although significant progress has been made in the development of corresponding anodes based primarily on carbon, oxide and silicon materials, these materials still possess shortcomings in current LIB applications. For example, graphite exhibits safety concerns due to an operating potential close to that of lithium (Li) metal plating whereas Li4Ti5O12 possesses low energy density for high operation potential and silicon experiences limited cyclability for large volume expansion during charging/discharging. Alternatively, polyanionic compounds such as (PO4)3-, (SiO4)4-, (SO4)2- and (BO3)3- as electrode materials have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their ability to stabilize structures, adjust redox couples and provide migration channels for "guest" ions, resulting in corresponding electrode materials with long-term cycling, high energy density and outstanding rate capability. Based on these advantages and combined with recent findings in terms of silicate anodes, this review will summarize the recent progress in the development of polyanion-based anode materials for LIBs and sodium-ion batteries. Furthermore, this review will present our latest research based on polyanion groups such as (GeO4)4- to compensate for the lack of available studies and to provide our perspective on these materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Strategies to Solve Lithium Battery Thermal Runaway: From Mechanism to Modification Lingchen Kong, Yu Li, Wei Feng Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (4): 633-679.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00109-3 Abstract （855）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save As the global energy policy gradually shifts from fossil energy to renewable energy, lithium batteries, as important energy storage devices, have a great advantage over other batteries and have attracted widespread attention. With the increasing energy density of lithium batteries, promotion of their safety is urgent. Thermal runaway is an inevitable safety problem in lithium battery research. Therefore, paying attention to the thermal hazards of lithium battery materials and taking corresponding preventive measures are of great significance. In this review, the heat source and thermal hazards of lithium batteries are discussed with an emphasis on the designs, modifications, and improvements to suppress thermal runaway based on the inherent structure of lithium batteries. According to the source of battery heat, we divide it into reversible heat and irreversible heat. Additionally, superfluous heat generation has profound effects, including thermal runaway, capacity loss, and electrical imbalance. Thereafter, we emphatically discuss the design and modification strategies for various battery components (anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and separators) to suppress thermal runaway. Preparation of solid electrolyte interphase layers with excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties is the core of the modification strategy for anode materials. Additives, stable coatings, elemental substitution, and thermally responsive coating materials are commonly used to improve the safety of cathodes. Novel electrolyte additives, solid-state electrolytes, and thermally stable separators provide a good opportunity to solve the thermal runaway problem of next-generation high-performance electrochemical storage devices. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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3D Hierarchical Carbon-Rich Micro-/Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Catalysis Zhixiao Xu, Wenjing Deng, Xiaolei Wang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (2): 269-335.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00094-7 Abstract （5218）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Increasing concerns over climate change and energy shortage have driven the development of clean energy devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells and solar water splitting in the past decades. And among potential device materials, 3D hierarchical carbon-rich micro-/nanomaterials (3D HCMNs) have come under intense scrutiny because they can prevent the stacking and bundling of low-dimensional building blocks to not only shorten diffusion distances for matter and charge to achieve high-energy-high-power storage but also greatly expose active sites to achieve highly active, durable and efficient catalysis. Based on this, this review will summarize the synthetic strategies and formation mechanisms of 3D HCMNs, including 3D nanocarbons, polymers, COFs/MOFs, templated carbons and derived carbon-based hybrids with a focus on 3D superstructures such as urchins, flowers, hierarchical tubular structures as well as nanoarrays including nanotube, nanofiber and nanosheet arrays. This review will also discuss the application of 3D HCMNs in energy storage and catalysis systems, including batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis and photo(electro) catalysis. Overall, this review will provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress of 3D HCMNs in terms of preparation strategies, formation mechanisms, structural diversities and electrochemical applications to provide a guideline for the rational design and structure–function exploration of 3D hierarchical nanomaterials from different sources beyond carbon-based species. Full-text： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-021-00094-7 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）