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A Review of Carbon-Composited Materials as Air-Electrode Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries Yan-Jie Wang, Baizeng Fang, Dan Zhang, Aijun Li, David P. Wilkinson, Anna Ignaszak, Lei Zhang, Jiujun Zhang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2018, 1 (1): 1-34.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-018-0002-3 Abstract （967）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Metal-air batteries (MABs), particularly rechargeable MABs, have gained renewed interests as a potential energy storage/conversion solution due to their high specifc energy, low cost, and safety. The development of MABs has, however, been considerably hampered by its relatively low rate capability and its lack of efcient and stable air catalysts in which the former stems mainly from the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the latter stems from the corrosion/oxidation of carbon materials in the presence of oxygen and high electrode potentials. In this review, various carbon-composited bifunctional electrocatalysts are reviewed to summarize progresses in the enhancement of ORR/OER and durability induced by the synergistic efects between carbon and other component(s). Catalyst mechanisms of the reaction processes and associated performance enhancements as well as technical challenges hindering commercialization are also analyzed. To facilitate further research and development, several research directions for overcoming these challenges are also proposed. Full-text: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-018-0002-3 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Recycling and Upcycling Spent LIB Cathodes: A Comprehensive Review Nianji Zhang, Zhixiao Xu, Wenjing Deng, Xiaolei Wang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (S1): 33-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00154-6 Abstract （444）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Worldwide demands for green energy have driven the ever-growing popularity of electric vehicles, resulting in demands for a million tons of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Such exigency will not only outstrip the current reserves of critical metals, such as Li, Co, Ni, and Mn, which are essential for LIB fabrication, but also necessitate the methods to properly, safely, and sustainably handle spent LIBs. Current LIB recycling infrastructure uses pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods and mainly focuses on cobalt recovery to maximize economic benefits. Despite being commercialized, these two methods are either energy-intensive or highly complicated, and their long-term economic feasibility is still uncertain, as the market trend is shifting towards cobalt-poor or even cobalt-free chemistry. Alternative non-destructive methods, including direct recycling and upcycling, have attracted much interest. Direct recycling, which is a non-destructive method, allows spent cathodes to be directly regenerated into new active materials for reuse, while upcycling, as an upgraded direct recycling method, transforms degraded cathode materials into materials with a better performance or applicability in other fields. This review mainly focuses on recent advances in techniques including pyro- and hydrometallurgy, direct recycling, and upcycling. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Review of Composite/Hybrid Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reactions: Advanced Materials, Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives Revanasiddappa Manjunatha, Aleksandar Karajić, Minmin Liu, Zibo Zhai, Li Dong, Wei Yan, David P. Wilkinson, Jiujun Zhang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2020, 3 (3): 506-540.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00069-0 Abstract （464）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to produce ammonia using sustainable and “green” materials and electricity has proven to be not only feasible, but promising. However, low catalytic activity and stability as well as poor product selectivity have hindered practical application. To address this, this review will provide a comprehensive presentation of the latest progress in the experimental investigation and fundamental understanding of nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) for the production of ammonia as catalyzed by electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. In particular, the design, synthesis, characterization and performance validation of these catalysts are classified and analyzed in terms of their catalytic activity, stability and selectivity toward ammonia production. Reviewed electrocatalysts include metal/carbon, metal/metal oxide and metal oxide/carbon composites, and reviewed photocatalysts include semiconductor-semiconductor, semiconductor-metal, semiconductor-carbon and multicomponent heterojunctions. Furthermore, several challenges are discussed and possible research directions are proposed to facilitate further research and development to overcome the challenges in NRR toward practical application. Full-text：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-020-00069-0 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Polybenzimidazole-Based High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: New Insights and Recent Progress David Aili, Dirk Henkensmeier, Santiago Martin, Bhupendra Singh, Yang Hu, Jens Oluf Jensen, Lars N. Cleemann, Qingfeng Li Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2020, 3 (4): 793-845.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00080-5 Abstract （16460）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells based on phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membranes are a technology characterized by simplified construction and operation along with possible integration with, e.g., methanol reformers. Significant progress has been achieved in terms of key materials, components and systems. This review is devoted to updating new insights into the fundamental understanding and technological deployment of this technology. Polymers are synthetically modified with basic functionalities, and membranes are improved through cross-linking and inorganic-organic hybridization. New insights into phosphoric acid along with its interactions with basic polymers, metal catalysts and carbon-based supports are recapped. Recognition of parasitic acid migration raises acid retention issues at high current densities. Acid loss via evaporation is estimated with respect to the acid inventory of membrane electrode assembly. Acid adsorption on platinum surfaces can be alleviated for platinum alloys and non-precious metal catalysts. Binders have been considered a key to the establishment of the triple-phase boundary, while recent development of binderless electrodes opens new avenues toward low Pt loadings. Often ignored microporous layers and water impacts are also discussed. Of special concern are durability issues including acid loss, platinum sintering and carbon corrosion, the latter being critical during start/stop cycling with mitigation measures proposed. Long-term durability has been demonstrated with a voltage degradation rate of less than 1 μV h-1 under steady-state tests at 160℃, while challenges remain at higher temperatures, current densities or reactant stoichiometries, particularly during dynamic operation with thermal, load or start/stop cycling. Full-text：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-020-00080-5 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Si-Based Anodes: Advances and Challenges in Li-Ion Batteries for Enhanced Stability Hongshun Zhao, Jianbin Li, Qian Zhao, Xiaobing Huang, Shuyong Jia, Jianmin Ma, Yurong Ren Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2024, 7 (2): 11-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-024-00214-z Abstract （207）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Owing to their advantages, such as a high energy density, low operating potential, high abundance, and low cost, rechargeable silicon (Si) anode lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted considerable interest. Significant advancements in Si-based LIBs have been made over the past decade. Nevertheless, because the cycle instability is a crucial factor in the half/full-battery design and significantly affects the consumption of active components and the weight of the assembled battery, it has become a concern in recent years. This paper presents a thorough analysis of the recent developments in the enhancement methods for the stability of LIBs. Comprehensive in situ and operando characterizations are performed to thoroughly evaluate the electrochemical reactions, structural evolution, and degradation processes. Approaches for enhancing the cycle stability of Si anodes are systematically divided from a design perspective into several categories, such as the structural regulation, interfacial design, binder architecture, and electrolyte additives. The advantages and disadvantages of several methods are emphasized and thoroughly evaluated, offering insightful information for the logical design and advancement of cutting-edge solutions to address the deteriorating low-cycle stability of silicon-based LIBs. Finally, the conclusions and potential future research perspectives for promoting the cycling instability of silicon-based LIBs are presented. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in Graphene-Supported Single-Atom Catalysts for Clean Energy Conversion Yunkun Dai, Fanrong Kong, Xuehan Tai, Yunlong Zhang, Bing Liu, Jiajun Cai, Xiaofei Gong, Yunfei Xia, Pan Guo, Bo Liu, Jian Zhang, Lin Li, Lei Zhao, Xulei Sui, Zhenbo Wang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (S2): 22-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00142-w Abstract （324）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Recently, heterogeneous single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted enormous attention in electrochemical applications owing to their advantages of high metal utilization, well-defined active sites, tunable selectivity, and excellent activity. To avoid the aggregation of atomically dispersed metal sites, an appropriate support has to be adopted to reduce the surface free energy of catalysts. Graphene with a high surface area, outstanding conductivity, and unique electronic properties has generally been utilized as the substrate for SACs. Moreover, the correlations between metal-support interactions and the electrocatalytic performance at the atomic scale can be studied on graphene-supported single-atom catalyst (G-SAC) nanoplatforms. In this review, we start from an overview of the synthetic methods for G-SACs. Subsequently, several advanced and effective characterization techniques are discussed. Then, we present a comprehensive summary of recent progress in G-SACs for a variety of electrochemical applications. Finally, we present challenges for and an outlook on the development of G-SACs with outstanding catalytic activity, stability, and selectivity. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Materials and Fabrication Methods for Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Overview Prasad Eknath Lokhande, Umesh S. Chavan, Abhishek Pandey Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2020, 3 (1): 155-186.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-019-00057-z Abstract （584）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The rapid economic development and immense growth in the portable electronic market create tremendous demand for clean energy sources and energy storage and conversion technologies. To meet this demand, supercapacitors have emerged as a promising technology to store renewable energy resources. Based on this, this review will provide a detailed and current overview of the various materials explored as potential electrodes and electrolytes in the development of efficient supercapacitors along with corresponding synthesis routes and electrochemical properties. In addition, this review will provide introductions into the various types of supercapacitors as well as fundamental parameters that affect supercapacitor performance. Finally, this review will conclude with presentations on the role of electrolytes in supercapacitors and corresponding materials along with challenges and perspectives to guide future development. Full-text：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-019-00057-z Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Lead-Carbon Batteries toward Future Energy Storage: From Mechanism and Materials to Applications Jian Yin, Haibo Lin, Jun Shi, Zheqi Lin, Jinpeng Bao, Yue Wang, Xuliang Lin, Yanlin Qin, Xueqing Qiu, Wenli Zhang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (3): 2-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00134-w Abstract （2394）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859. It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since. In addition, this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society. Nevertheless, lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention. Over the past two decades, engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage; these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge. Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery (i.e., lead-carbon battery) technologies. Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products. Therefore, exploring a durable, long-life, corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance. In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed. Moreover, a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism, additive manufacturing, electrode fabrication, and full cell evaluation to practical applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Interfaces in Sulfide Solid Electrolyte-Based All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries: Characterization, Mechanism and Strategy Zhan Wu, Xiaohan Li, Chao Zheng, Zheng Fan, Wenkui Zhang, Hui Huang, Yongping Gan, Yang Xia, Xinping He, Xinyong Tao, Jun Zhang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2023, 6 (2): 10-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00176-0 Abstract （1021）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Owing to the advantages of high energy density and environmental friendliness, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used as power sources in electric vehicles, energy storage systems and other devices. Conventional LIBs composed of liquid electrolytes (LEs) have potential safety hazards; thermal runaway easily leads to battery explosion and spontaneous combustion. To realize a large-scale energy storage system with higher safety and higher energy density, replacing LEs with solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) has been pursued. Among the many SSEs, sulfide SSEs are attractive because of their high ionic conductivities, easy processabilities and high thermostabilities. However, interfacial issues (interfacial reactions, chemomechanical failure, lithium dendrite formation, etc.) between sulfide SSEs and electrodes are factors limiting widespread application. In addition, the intrinsic interfacial issues of sulfide SSEs (electrochemical windows, diffusion mechanisms of Li+, etc.) should not be ignored. In this review, the behaviors, properties and mechanisms of interfaces in all-solid-state lithium batteries with a variety of sulfide SSEs are comprehensively summarized. Additionally, recent research progress on advanced characterization methods and designs used to stabilize interfaces is discussed. Finally, outlooks, challenges and possible interface engineering strategies are analyzed and proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on the Solid Electrolyte of Solid-State Sodium-Ion Batteries Shuzhi Zhao, Haiying Che, Suli Chen, Haixiang Tao, Jianping Liao, Xiao Zhen Liao, Zi Feng Ma Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2024, 7 (1): 3-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00196-4 Abstract （261）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Because sodium-ion batteries are relatively inexpensive, they have gained significant traction as large-scale energy storage devices instead of lithium-ion batteries in recent years. However, sodium-ion batteries have a lower energy density than lithium-ion batteries because sodium-ion batteries have not been as well developed as lithium-ion batteries. Solid-state batteries using solid electrolytes have a higher energy density than liquid batteries in regard to applications with sodium-ion batteries, making them more suitable for energy storage systems than liquid batteries. Due to their low ionic conductivity, solid electrolytes are currently unable to achieve comparable performance to liquid electrolytes at room temperature. In this review, we discuss the advancements in SSEs applied to sodium-ion batteries in recent years, including inorganic solid electrolytes, such as Na–β-Al2O3, NASICON and Na3PS4, polymer solid electrolytes based on PEO, PVDF-HFP and PAN, and plastic crystal solid electrolytes mainly composed of succinonitrile. Additionally, appropriate solutions for low ionic conductivity, a narrow electrochemical stability window and poor contact with electrodes, which are the significant flaws in current SSEs, are discussed in this review. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Li Alloy/Li Halide Mixed Layer: An Emerging Star for Electro-Chemo-Mechanically Stable Li/Electrolyte Interface Jiaqi Cao, Guangyuan Du, Guoyu Qian, Xueyi Lu, Yang Sun, Xia Lu Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2024, 7 (4): 31-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-024-00229-6 Abstract （141）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion batteries are limited by the low energy density of graphite anodes and are gradually becoming unable to meet the demand for energy storage development. A further increase in high capacity requires new battery materials and chemistry, such as the innovative lithium metal anodes (LMAs). However, the actual commercialization of LMAs is limited by the unstable Li/electrolyte interface, impeding their progress from the laboratory to industrial production. To address these problems, constructing a Li alloy/Li halide mixed layer upon a Li surface is considered to be an ideal direction because of the combined advantages of Li alloys and Li halides. In this context, by comparing the limitations of self-generated solid electrolyte interfaces, the unique merits of Li alloys and Li halides are discussed in depth with summaries of their respective advances. Accordingly, mixed layers of Li alloy/Li halides are introduced, and the mechanisms of Li deposition behaviors are clearly described, along with their manufacturing strategies and recent progress. Moreover, the emerging techniques for interface characterization are also comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, the necessary considerations and outlooks for the future design of Li alloy/Li halide mixed layers are highlighted, with the aim of elucidating the structure-property relationships and providing rational directions for the attainment of the next-generation high-performance batteries. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Strategies to Solve Lithium Battery Thermal Runaway: From Mechanism to Modification Lingchen Kong, Yu Li, Wei Feng Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (4): 633-679.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00109-3 Abstract （1086）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save As the global energy policy gradually shifts from fossil energy to renewable energy, lithium batteries, as important energy storage devices, have a great advantage over other batteries and have attracted widespread attention. With the increasing energy density of lithium batteries, promotion of their safety is urgent. Thermal runaway is an inevitable safety problem in lithium battery research. Therefore, paying attention to the thermal hazards of lithium battery materials and taking corresponding preventive measures are of great significance. In this review, the heat source and thermal hazards of lithium batteries are discussed with an emphasis on the designs, modifications, and improvements to suppress thermal runaway based on the inherent structure of lithium batteries. According to the source of battery heat, we divide it into reversible heat and irreversible heat. Additionally, superfluous heat generation has profound effects, including thermal runaway, capacity loss, and electrical imbalance. Thereafter, we emphatically discuss the design and modification strategies for various battery components (anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and separators) to suppress thermal runaway. Preparation of solid electrolyte interphase layers with excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties is the core of the modification strategy for anode materials. Additives, stable coatings, elemental substitution, and thermally responsive coating materials are commonly used to improve the safety of cathodes. Novel electrolyte additives, solid-state electrolytes, and thermally stable separators provide a good opportunity to solve the thermal runaway problem of next-generation high-performance electrochemical storage devices. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Recent Advances in Redox Flow Batteries Employing Metal Coordination Complexes as Redox-Active Species Bin Liu, Yiju Li, Guocheng Jia, Tianshou Zhao Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2024, 7 (1): 7-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00205-6 Abstract （232）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Redox flow batteries (RFBs) that employ sustainable, abundant, and structure-tunable redox-active species are of great interest for large-scale energy storage. As a vital class of redox-active species, metal coordination complexes (MCCs) possessing the properties of both the organic ligands and transition metal ion centers are attracting increasing attention due to the advantages of multielectron charge transfer, high structural tailorability, and reduced material crossover. Herein, we present a critical overview of RFBs that employ MCCs as redox-active materials in both aqueous and nonaqueous mediums. The progress is comprehensively summarized, including the design strategies, solubility characteristics, electrochemical properties, and battery cycling performance of MCCs. Emphasis is placed on the ligand selection and modification strategies used to tune the critical properties of MCCs, including their redox potential, solubility, cycling stability, and electron transfer redox reactions, to achieve stable cycled RFBs with a high energy density. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges and perspectives related to the development of MCC-based RFBs for large-scale energy storage implementations. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Recent Advances in the Understanding of the Surface Reconstruction of Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts and Materials Development Junwei Chen, Haixin Chen, Tongwen Yu, Ruchun Li, Yi Wang, Zongping Shao, Shuqin Song Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (3): 566-600.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00104-8 Abstract （520）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays an important role in many clean electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems, such as electrochemical water splitting, rechargeable metal-air batteries, and electrochemical CO2 reduction. However, the OER involves a complex four-electron process and suffers from intrinsically sluggish kinetics, which greatly impairs the efficiency of electrochemical systems. In addition, state-of-the-art RuO2-based OER electrocatalysts are too expensive and scarce for practical applications. The development of highly active, cost-effective, and durable electrocatalysts that can improve OER performance (activity and durability) is of significant importance in realizing the widespread application of these advanced technologies. To date, considerable progress has been made in the development of alternative, noble metal-free OER electrocatalysts. Among these alternative catalysts, transition metal compounds have received particular attention and have shown activities comparable to or even higher than those of their precious metal counterparts. In contrast to many other electrocatalysts, such as carbon-based materials, transition metal compounds often exhibit a surface reconstruction phenomenon that is accompanied by the transformation of valence states during electrochemical OER processes. This surface reconstruction results in changes to the true active sites and an improvement or reduction in OER catalytic performance. Therefore, understanding the self-reconstruction process and precisely identifying the true active sites on electrocatalyst surfaces will help us to finely tune the properties and activities of OER catalysts. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent progress made in understanding the surface reconstruction phenomena of various transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts, focusing on uncovering the correlations among structure, surface reconstruction and intrinsic activity. Recent advances in OER electrocatalysts that exhibit a surface self-reconstruction capability are also discussed. We identify possible challenges and perspectives for the development of OER electrocatalysts based on surface reconstruction. We hope this review will provide readers with some guidance on the rational design of catalysts for various electrochemical reactions. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advancing Porous Electrode Design for PEM Fuel Cells: From Physics to Artificial Intelligence Guofu Ren, Zhiguo Qu, Zhiqiang Niu, Yun Wang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2025, 8 (1): 6-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-025-00243-2 Abstract （30）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells play a pivotal role in a sustainable society through the direct conversion of hydrogen energy to electricity. Porous electrode materials, including porous media flow fields, gas diffusion layers, microporous layers, and catalyst layers, are essential for fuel cell operation, efficiency, and durability, in which complex multiphysics transport (e.g., hydrogen/oxygen transport, electron/proton conduction, heat transfer, and liquid water flow) and electrochemical reactions (e.g., the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode and the hydrogen oxidation reaction at the anode) occur, as revealed by both experiments and multiphysics modeling. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated significant efficacy in the research and development (R&D) of electrode materials. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), deep neural networks (DNNs), generative adversarial neural networks (GANs), support vector machines (SVMs), and genetic algorithms (GAs) have been applied to design and optimize porous structures, compositions, materials, and surface properties for PEM fuel cells, demonstrating reliable and fast optimization and prediction capabilities. This article reviews the main physics and explores AI to advance porous electrode design for PEM fuel cells. Unlike traditional experimental and simulation-based approaches, AI provides superior computational efficiency, enabling faster and more cost-effective exploration of complex design parameters. In the end, future R&D directions for next-generation highly effective electrodes are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Self-Supported Graphene Nanosheet-Based Composites as Binder-Free Electrodes for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Bowen Ren, Hao Cui, Chengxin Wang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (S2): 32-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00138-6 Abstract （781）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Graphene is composed of single-layered sp2 graphite and has been widely used in electrochemical energy conversion and storage due to its appealing physical and chemical properties. In recent years, a new kind of the self-supported graphene nanosheet-based composite (GNBC) has attracted significant attention. Compared with conventional powdered materials, a binder-free electrode architecture has several strengths, including a large surface area, enhanced reaction kinetics, and great structural stability, and these strengths allow users to realize the full potential of graphene. Based on these findings, this review presents preparation strategies and properties of self-supported GNBCs. Additionally, it highlights recent significant developments with integrated binder-free electrodes for several practical applications, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal batteries, supercapacitors, water splitting and metal-air batteries. In addition, the remaining challenges and future perspectives in this emerging field are also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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In Situ and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Electrode Materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Xiaxi Li, Kevin Blinn, Dongchang Chen, Meilin Liu Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2018, 1 (3): 433-459.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-018-0017-9 Abstract （1396）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) represent next-generation energy sources with high energy conversion efciencies, low pollutant emissions, good fexibility with a wide variety of fuels, and excellent modularity suitable for distributed power generation. As an electrochemical energy conversion device, the SOFC's performance and reliability depend sensitively on the catalytic activity and stability of electrode materials. To date, however, the development of electrode materials and microstructures is still based largely on trial-and-error methods because of the inadequate understanding of electrode process mechanisms. Therefore, the identifcation of key descriptors/properties for electrode materials or functional heterogeneous interfaces, especially under in situ/operando conditions, may provide guidance for the design of optimal electrode materials and microstructures. Here, Raman spectroscopy is ideally suited for the probing and mapping of chemical species present on electrode surfaces under operating conditions. And to boost the sensitivity toward electrode surface species, the surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique can be employed, in which thermally robust SERS probes (e.g., Ag@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles) are designed to make in situ/operando analysis possible. This review summarizes recent progresses in the investigation of SOFC electrode materials through Raman spectroscopic techniques, including topics of early stage carbon deposition (coking), coking-resistant anode modifcation, sulfur poisoning, and cathode degradation. In addition, future perspectives for utilizing the in situ/operando SERS for investigations of other electrochemical surfaces and interfaces are also discussed. Full-text：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-018-0017-9 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advanced Noncarbon Materials as Catalyst Supports and Non-noble Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells and Metal–Air Batteries Shiming Zhang, Menghui Chen, Xiao Zhao, Jialin Cai, Wei Yan, Joey Chung Yen, Shengli Chen, Yan Yu, Jiujun Zhang Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2021, 4 (2): 336-381.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00085-0 Abstract （5381）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Electrochemical energy systems such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries can be used as clean power sources in the field of electric transportation and possess great potential in the reduction of various energy and environmental issues. In these systems, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is the rate-determining factor for overall system performance, and up to now, platinum group metals supported on carbon materials, especially Pt, remain the highest performing and the most practical ORR electrocatalysts. However, corresponding carbonaceous catalyst supports are extremely susceptible to corrosion under electrochemical operation, and therefore, the extensive exploration of alternative stable materials for ORR electrocatalysts with both high electrochemical stability and catalytic performance is essential. Here, noncarbon materials with high corrosion resistance have been explored to substitute traditional carbon supports or even act directly as low-cost non-noble metal electrocatalysts, and based on this, this review will present a comprehensive overview and deep analysis of the recent progress in noncarbon materials, including metals, oxides, nitrides, carbides, sulfides, and so on. Overall, general attributes associated with noncarbon materials include high corrosion resistance, strong metal–support interaction, and impressive porous structure retention. However, major drawbacks include low electrical conductivity, insufficient chemical stability in acidic or alkaline media, and poor electrochemical stability at ORR electrode potentials. To overcome these challenges, this review will also summarize efficient strategies such as combining with highly conductive materials, introducing dopants and forming vacancies to result in promising electrocatalytic ORR performances. Finally, this review will propose possible research directions to facilitate future research and development toward the practical application of noncarbon-based ORR electrocatalysts. Full-text： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41918-020-00085-0 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Single-Atom Catalysts: Advances and Challenges in Metal-Support Interactions for Enhanced Electrocatalysis Yang Mu, Tingting Wang, Jian Zhang, Changgong Meng, Yifu Zhang, Zongkui Kou Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2022, 5 (1): 145-186.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00124-4 Abstract （2422）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Metal-support interaction|Single-atom catalysts|Electrocatalysis|ORR and OER|HER and HOR Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Recent Progress in and Perspectives on Emerging Halide Superionic Conductors for All-Solid-State Batteries Kaiyong Tuo, Chunwen Sun, Shuqin Liu Electrochemical Energy Reviews    2023, 6 (2): 17-.   DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00179-5 Abstract （364）      PDF       Knowledge map    Save Rechargeable all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are considered to be the next generation of devices for electrochemical energy storage. The development of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) is one of the most crucial subjects in the field of energy storage chemistry. The newly emerging halide SSEs have recently been intensively studied for application in ASSBs due to their favorable combination of high ionic conductivity, exceptional chemical and electrochemical stability, and superior mechanical deformability. In this review, a critical overview of the development, synthesis, chemical stability and remaining challenges of halide SSEs is given. The design strategies for optimizing the ionic conductivity of halide SSEs, such as element substitution and crystal structure design, are summarized in detail. Moreover, the associated chemical stability issues in terms of solvent compatibility, humid air stability and corresponding degradation mechanisms are discussed. In particular, advanced in situ/operando characterization techniques applied to halide-based ASSBs are highlighted. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of the interface issues, cost issues, and scalable processing challenges faced by halide-based ASSBs for practical application is provided. Finally, future perspectives on how to design high-performance electrode/electrolyte materials are given, which are instructive for guiding the development of halide-based ASSBs for energy conversion and storage. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）